from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import json
import logging
import threading
import time
from collections.abc import Iterator
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any

import aiofiles
import aiohttp
import requests
from google.protobuf.json_format import MessageToDict
from opentelemetry import context as otel_context, metrics as metrics_api, trace as trace_api
from opentelemetry._logs import LogRecord as OTelLogRecord, get_logger_provider, set_logger_provider
from opentelemetry._logs.severity import SeverityNumber
from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http import Compression
from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http._log_exporter import OTLPLogExporter
from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http.metric_exporter import OTLPMetricExporter
from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.http.trace_exporter import OTLPSpanExporter
from opentelemetry.sdk import trace as trace_sdk
from opentelemetry.sdk._logs import (
    LoggerProvider,
    LoggingHandler,
    LogRecordProcessor,
    ReadWriteLogRecord,
)
from opentelemetry.sdk._logs.export import BatchLogRecordProcessor
from opentelemetry.sdk.metrics import (
    Counter as SdkCounter,
    Histogram as SdkHistogram,
    MeterProvider as SdkMeterProvider,
    ObservableCounter as SdkObservableCounter,
    ObservableGauge as SdkObservableGauge,
    ObservableUpDownCounter as SdkObservableUpDownCounter,
    UpDownCounter as SdkUpDownCounter,
)
from opentelemetry.sdk.metrics.export import AggregationTemporality, PeriodicExportingMetricReader
from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import SERVICE_NAME, Resource
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import SpanProcessor
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import BatchSpanProcessor
from opentelemetry.trace import Span, Tracer
from opentelemetry.util._decorator import _agnosticcontextmanager
from opentelemetry.util.types import Attributes, AttributeValue

from livekit import api
from livekit.protocol import agent_pb, metrics as proto_metrics

from ..log import TRACE_LEVEL, logger
from . import trace_types

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from ..llm import ChatContext, ChatItem
    from ..observability import Tagger
    from ..voice.report import SessionReport


class _DynamicTracer(Tracer):
    def __init__(self, instrumenting_module_name: str) -> None:
        self._instrumenting_module_name = instrumenting_module_name
        self._tracer_provider: trace_api.TracerProvider = trace_api.get_tracer_provider()
        self._tracer = trace_api.get_tracer(instrumenting_module_name)

    def set_provider(self, tracer_provider: trace_api.TracerProvider) -> None:
        self._tracer_provider = tracer_provider
        self._tracer = trace_api.get_tracer(
            self._instrumenting_module_name,
            tracer_provider=self._tracer_provider,
        )

    def start_span(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Span:
        return self._tracer.start_span(*args, **kwargs)

    @_agnosticcontextmanager
    def start_as_current_span(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Iterator[Span]:
        with self._tracer.start_as_current_span(*args, **kwargs) as span:
            yield span


tracer: _DynamicTracer = _DynamicTracer("livekit-agents")


class _MetadataSpanProcessor(SpanProcessor):
    def __init__(self, metadata: dict[str, AttributeValue]) -> None:
        self._metadata = metadata

    def on_start(self, span: Span, parent_context: otel_context.Context | None = None) -> None:
        span.set_attributes(self._metadata)


class _MetadataLogProcessor(LogRecordProcessor):
    def __init__(self, metadata: dict[str, AttributeValue]) -> None:
        self._metadata = metadata

    def on_emit(self, log_data: ReadWriteLogRecord) -> None:
        if log_data.log_record.attributes:
            log_data.log_record.attributes.update(self._metadata)  # type: ignore
        else:
            log_data.log_record.attributes = self._metadata

        if log_data.instrumentation_scope:
            log_data.log_record.attributes.update(  # type: ignore
                {"logger.name": log_data.instrumentation_scope.name}
            )

    def shutdown(self) -> None:
        pass

    def force_flush(self, timeout_millis: int = 30000) -> bool:
        return True


class _BufferingHandler(logging.Handler):
    """Buffers log records in memory for later replay through OTLP."""

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.buffer: list[logging.LogRecord] = []

    def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> None:
        self.buffer.append(record)


class _TraceLevelLoggingHandler(LoggingHandler):
    """Custom LoggingHandler that properly maps TRACE_LEVEL to OTel TRACE severity.

    The default OTel LoggingHandler maps any log level < 10 to UNSPECIFIED,
    but we want TRACE_LEVEL (5) to map to TRACE for proper severity in exports.
    """

    def _translate(self, record: logging.LogRecord) -> OTelLogRecord:
        log_record = super()._translate(record)
        # OTel's std_to_otel returns UNSPECIFIED for levels < 10
        # Map our TRACE_LEVEL to OTel's TRACE
        if record.levelno == TRACE_LEVEL:
            log_record.severity_number = SeverityNumber.TRACE
        return log_record


def set_tracer_provider(
    tracer_provider: trace_api.TracerProvider, *, metadata: dict[str, AttributeValue] | None = None
) -> None:
    """Set the tracer provider for the livekit-agents.

    Args:
        tracer_provider (TracerProvider): The tracer provider to set.
        metadata (dict[str, AttributeValue] | None, optional): Metadata to set on all spans. Defaults to None.
    """
    if metadata and isinstance(tracer_provider, trace_sdk.TracerProvider):
        tracer_provider.add_span_processor(_MetadataSpanProcessor(metadata))

    tracer.set_provider(tracer_provider)


def _setup_cloud_tracer(
    *,
    room_id: str,
    job_id: str,
    observability_url: str,
    enable_traces: bool = True,
    enable_logs: bool = True,
) -> None:
    token_ttl = timedelta(hours=6)
    refresh_margin = timedelta(minutes=5)

    class _AuthRefreshingSession(requests.Session):
        def __init__(self, header_provider: _AuthHeaderProvider) -> None:
            super().__init__()
            self._header_provider = header_provider

        def request(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> requests.Response:
            self.headers.update(self._header_provider())
            return super().request(*args, **kwargs)

    class _AuthHeaderProvider:
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            self._lock = threading.Lock()
            self._auth_header = ""
            self._expires_at = datetime.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
            self._refresh()

        def _refresh(self) -> None:
            access_token = (
                api.AccessToken()
                .with_observability_grants(api.ObservabilityGrants(write=True))
                .with_ttl(token_ttl)
            )
            self._auth_header = f"Bearer {access_token.to_jwt()}"
            self._expires_at = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + token_ttl

        def __call__(self) -> dict[str, str]:
            now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            if now >= self._expires_at - refresh_margin:
                with self._lock:
                    if now >= self._expires_at - refresh_margin:
                        self._refresh()
            return {"Authorization": self._auth_header}

    header_provider = _AuthHeaderProvider()
    session = _AuthRefreshingSession(header_provider)
    otlp_compression = Compression.Gzip
    metadata: dict[str, AttributeValue] = {"room_id": room_id, "job_id": job_id}

    resource = Resource.create(
        {
            SERVICE_NAME: "livekit-agents",
            "room_id": room_id,
            "job_id": job_id,
        }
    )

    if enable_traces:
        # Check if a tracer provider is not set and set one up
        # below shows how the ProxyTracerProvider is returned when none have been setup
        # https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/blob/0018c0030bac9bdce4487fe5fcb3ec6a542ec904/opentelemetry-api/src/opentelemetry/trace/__init__.py#L555
        tracer_provider: trace_api.TracerProvider
        if isinstance(
            tracer._tracer_provider,
            (trace_api.ProxyTracerProvider, trace_api.NoOpTracerProvider),
        ):
            tracer_provider = trace_sdk.TracerProvider(resource=resource)
            set_tracer_provider(tracer_provider)
        else:
            # attach the processor to the existing tracer provider
            tracer_provider = tracer._tracer_provider
            if isinstance(tracer_provider, trace_sdk.TracerProvider):
                tracer_provider.resource.merge(resource)

        span_exporter = OTLPSpanExporter(
            endpoint=f"{observability_url}/observability/traces/otlp/v0",
            compression=otlp_compression,
            session=session,
        )

        if isinstance(tracer_provider, trace_sdk.TracerProvider):
            tracer_provider.add_span_processor(_MetadataSpanProcessor(metadata))
            tracer_provider.add_span_processor(BatchSpanProcessor(span_exporter))

    # Always set up the logger provider — it's needed for session reports,
    # evaluations, and chat history, not just Python log export.
    logger_provider = get_logger_provider()
    if not isinstance(logger_provider, LoggerProvider):
        logger_provider = LoggerProvider()
        set_logger_provider(logger_provider)

    if enable_logs:
        log_exporter = OTLPLogExporter(
            endpoint=f"{observability_url}/observability/logs/otlp/v0",
            compression=otlp_compression,
            session=session,
        )
        logger_provider.add_log_record_processor(_MetadataLogProcessor(metadata))
        logger_provider.add_log_record_processor(BatchLogRecordProcessor(log_exporter))

        handler = _TraceLevelLoggingHandler(level=logging.NOTSET, logger_provider=logger_provider)

        root = logging.getLogger()
        root.addHandler(handler)

    # Set up the MeterProvider for OTEL metrics export
    current_meter_provider = metrics_api.get_meter_provider()
    if not isinstance(current_meter_provider, SdkMeterProvider):
        metric_exporter = OTLPMetricExporter(
            endpoint=f"{observability_url}/observability/metrics/otlp/v0",
            compression=otlp_compression,
            session=session,
            preferred_temporality={
                SdkCounter: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
                SdkUpDownCounter: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
                SdkHistogram: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
                SdkObservableCounter: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
                SdkObservableUpDownCounter: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
                SdkObservableGauge: AggregationTemporality.DELTA,
            },
        )
        reader = PeriodicExportingMetricReader(metric_exporter, export_interval_millis=30000)
        meter_provider = SdkMeterProvider(resource=resource, metric_readers=[reader])
        metrics_api.set_meter_provider(meter_provider)


def _chat_ctx_to_otel_events(chat_ctx: ChatContext) -> list[tuple[str, Attributes]]:
    role_to_event = {
        "system": trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_SYSTEM_MESSAGE,
        # OpenAI's `developer` role is the successor to `system` on the
        # Chat Completions API and carries equivalent instructional content,
        # so surface it as the system-message span event rather than dropping
        # it on the floor.
        "developer": trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_SYSTEM_MESSAGE,
        "user": trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_USER_MESSAGE,
        "assistant": trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_ASSISTANT_MESSAGE,
    }

    events: list[tuple[str, Attributes]] = []
    for item in chat_ctx.items:
        if item.type == "message" and (event_name := role_to_event.get(item.role)):
            # only support text content for now
            events.append((event_name, {"content": item.text_content or ""}))
        elif item.type == "function_call":
            events.append(
                (
                    trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_ASSISTANT_MESSAGE,
                    {
                        "role": "assistant",
                        "tool_calls": [
                            json.dumps(
                                {
                                    "function": {"name": item.name, "arguments": item.arguments},
                                    "id": item.call_id,
                                    "type": "function",
                                }
                            )
                        ],
                    },
                )
            )
        elif item.type == "function_call_output":
            events.append(
                (
                    trace_types.EVENT_GEN_AI_TOOL_MESSAGE,
                    {"content": item.output, "name": item.name, "id": item.call_id},
                )
            )
    return events


def _to_proto_chat_item(item: ChatItem) -> dict:  # agent_pb.agent_session.ChatContext.ChatItem:
    item_pb = agent_pb.agent_session.ChatContext.ChatItem()

    if item.type == "message":
        msg = item_pb.message
        msg.id = item.id

        role_map = {
            "developer": agent_pb.agent_session.DEVELOPER,
            "system": agent_pb.agent_session.SYSTEM,
            "user": agent_pb.agent_session.USER,
            "assistant": agent_pb.agent_session.ASSISTANT,
        }
        msg.role = role_map[item.role]

        for content in item.content:
            if isinstance(content, str):
                content_pb = msg.content.add()
                content_pb.text = content

        msg.interrupted = item.interrupted

        if item.transcript_confidence is not None:
            msg.transcript_confidence = item.transcript_confidence

        for key, value in item.extra.items():
            msg.extra[key] = str(value)

        metrics = item.metrics
        if "started_speaking_at" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.started_speaking_at.FromMilliseconds(
                int(metrics["started_speaking_at"] * 1000)
            )
        if "stopped_speaking_at" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.stopped_speaking_at.FromMilliseconds(
                int(metrics["stopped_speaking_at"] * 1000)
            )
        if "transcription_delay" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.transcription_delay = metrics["transcription_delay"]
        if "end_of_turn_delay" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.end_of_turn_delay = metrics["end_of_turn_delay"]
        if "on_user_turn_completed_delay" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.on_user_turn_completed_delay = metrics["on_user_turn_completed_delay"]
        if "llm_node_ttft" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.llm_node_ttft = metrics["llm_node_ttft"]
        if "tts_node_ttfb" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.tts_node_ttfb = metrics["tts_node_ttfb"]
        if "e2e_latency" in metrics:
            msg.metrics.e2e_latency = metrics["e2e_latency"]
        msg.created_at.FromMilliseconds(int(item.created_at * 1000))

    elif item.type == "function_call":
        fc = item_pb.function_call
        fc.id = item.id
        fc.call_id = item.call_id
        fc.arguments = item.arguments
        fc.name = item.name
        fc.created_at.FromMilliseconds(int(item.created_at * 1000))

    elif item.type == "function_call_output":
        fco = item_pb.function_call_output
        fco.id = item.id
        fco.name = item.name
        fco.call_id = item.call_id
        fco.output = item.output
        fco.is_error = item.is_error
        fco.created_at.FromMilliseconds(int(item.created_at * 1000))

    elif item.type == "agent_handoff":
        ah = item_pb.agent_handoff
        ah.id = item.id
        if item.old_agent_id is not None:
            ah.old_agent_id = item.old_agent_id
        ah.new_agent_id = item.new_agent_id
        ah.created_at.FromMilliseconds(int(item.created_at * 1000))

    elif item.type == "agent_config_update":
        acu = item_pb.agent_config_update
        acu.id = item.id
        if item.instructions is not None:
            acu.instructions = item.instructions
        acu.tools_added[:] = item.tools_added or []
        acu.tools_removed[:] = item.tools_removed or []
        acu.created_at.FromMilliseconds(int(item.created_at * 1000))

    return MessageToDict(item_pb, preserving_proto_field_name=True)


async def _parse_retry_delay(resp: aiohttp.ClientResponse) -> float | None:
    """Parse a protobuf Status error response for RetryInfo and return the retry delay in seconds,
    or None if the error is not retryable."""
    from google.rpc import error_details_pb2, status_pb2  # type: ignore[import-untyped]

    try:
        body = await resp.read()
        status = status_pb2.Status()
        status.ParseFromString(body)
        for detail in status.details:
            retry_info = error_details_pb2.RetryInfo()
            if detail.Unpack(retry_info):
                delay = retry_info.retry_delay
                return float(delay.seconds + delay.nanos / 1e9)
    except Exception:
        pass

    return None


async def _upload_session_report(
    *,
    agent_name: str,
    observability_url: str,
    report: SessionReport,
    tagger: Tagger,
    http_session: aiohttp.ClientSession,
) -> None:
    def _get_logger(name: str) -> Any:
        return get_logger_provider().get_logger(
            name=name,
            attributes={
                "room_id": report.room_id,
                "job_id": report.job_id,
                "room": report.room,
            },
        )

    def _log(
        otel_logger: Any,
        body: str,
        timestamp: int,
        attributes: dict,
        severity: SeverityNumber = SeverityNumber.UNSPECIFIED,
        severity_text: str = "unspecified",
    ) -> None:
        otel_logger.emit(
            body=body,
            timestamp=timestamp,
            attributes=attributes,
            severity_number=severity,
            severity_text=severity_text,
        )

    chat_logger = _get_logger("chat_history")
    recording_options = report.recording_options

    if any(recording_options.values()):
        _log(
            chat_logger,
            body="session report",
            timestamp=int((report.started_at or report.timestamp or 0) * 1e9),
            attributes={
                "session.options": vars(report.options),
                "session.report_timestamp": report.timestamp,
                "session.tags": sorted(tagger.tags) if tagger.tags else None,
                "agent_name": agent_name,
                "sdk_version": report.sdk_version,
                "usage": [
                    {k: v for k, v in u.model_dump().items() if v != 0 and v != 0.0}
                    for u in report.model_usage
                ]
                if report.model_usage
                else None,
            },
        )

    if recording_options["transcript"]:
        for item in report.chat_history.items:
            item_log = _to_proto_chat_item(item)
            severity: SeverityNumber = SeverityNumber.UNSPECIFIED
            severity_text: str = "unspecified"

            if item.type == "function_call_output" and item.is_error:
                severity = SeverityNumber.ERROR
                severity_text = "error"

            _log(
                chat_logger,
                body="chat item",
                timestamp=int(item.created_at * 1e9),
                attributes={"chat.item": item_log},
                severity=severity,
                severity_text=severity_text,
            )

    eval_logger = _get_logger("evaluations")
    if tagger.evaluations:
        for evaluation in tagger.evaluations:
            severity = SeverityNumber.UNSPECIFIED
            severity_text = "unspecified"

            if evaluation.get("verdict") == "fail":
                severity = SeverityNumber.ERROR
                severity_text = "error"

            _log(
                eval_logger,
                body="evaluation",
                timestamp=int(report.timestamp * 1e9),
                attributes={"evaluation": evaluation},
                severity=severity,
                severity_text=severity_text,
            )

    for tag, entry in tagger._tags.items():
        if entry.metadata:
            _log(
                eval_logger,
                body="tag",
                timestamp=int(entry.timestamp * 1e9),
                attributes={"tag": {"name": tag, "metadata": entry.metadata}},
            )

    if tagger.outcome:
        is_fail = tagger.outcome == "fail"
        outcome_data: dict[str, Any] = {"outcome": tagger.outcome}
        if tagger.outcome_reason:
            outcome_data["reason"] = tagger.outcome_reason

        _log(
            eval_logger,
            body="outcome",
            timestamp=int(report.timestamp * 1e9),
            attributes={"outcome": outcome_data},
            severity=SeverityNumber.ERROR if is_fail else SeverityNumber.UNSPECIFIED,
            severity_text="error" if is_fail else "unspecified",
        )

    has_audio = (
        recording_options["audio"]
        and report.audio_recording_path
        and report.audio_recording_started_at
    )
    if not recording_options["transcript"] and not has_audio:
        return

    # emit recording
    access_token = (
        api.AccessToken()
        .with_observability_grants(api.ObservabilityGrants(write=True))
        .with_ttl(timedelta(hours=6))
    )
    jwt = access_token.to_jwt()

    header_msg = proto_metrics.MetricsRecordingHeader(
        room_id=report.room_id,
    )
    header_msg.start_time.FromMilliseconds(int((report.audio_recording_started_at or 0) * 1000))
    header_bytes = header_msg.SerializeToString()

    chat_history_json = ""
    if recording_options["transcript"]:
        chat_history_json = json.dumps(report.chat_history.to_dict(exclude_timestamp=False))

    audio_bytes = b""
    if has_audio and report.audio_recording_path:
        try:
            async with aiofiles.open(report.audio_recording_path, "rb") as f:
                audio_bytes = await f.read()
        except Exception:
            audio_bytes = b""

    url = f"{observability_url}/observability/recordings/v0"

    def _build_multipart() -> aiohttp.MultipartWriter:
        mp = aiohttp.MultipartWriter("form-data")

        part = mp.append(header_bytes)
        part.set_content_disposition("form-data", name="header", filename="header.binpb")
        part.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/protobuf"
        part.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(header_bytes))

        if recording_options["transcript"]:
            part = mp.append(chat_history_json)
            part.set_content_disposition(
                "form-data", name="chat_history", filename="chat_history.json"
            )
            part.headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
            part.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(chat_history_json))

        if audio_bytes:
            part = mp.append(audio_bytes)
            part.set_content_disposition("form-data", name="audio", filename="recording.ogg")
            part.headers["Content-Type"] = "audio/ogg"
            part.headers["Content-Length"] = str(len(audio_bytes))

        return mp

    max_retries = 3
    for attempt in range(max_retries + 1):
        mp = _build_multipart()
        headers = {
            "Authorization": f"Bearer {jwt}",
            "Content-Type": mp.content_type,
        }

        logger.debug("uploading session report to LiveKit Cloud")
        async with http_session.post(url, data=mp, headers=headers) as resp:
            if resp.status < 400:
                break

            retry_delay = await _parse_retry_delay(resp)
            if retry_delay is None or attempt == max_retries:
                resp.raise_for_status()
                raise RuntimeError(f"recording upload failed: status {resp.status}")

            logger.warning(
                "recording upload failed (attempt %d/%d), retrying in %.1fs",
                attempt + 1,
                max_retries + 1,
                retry_delay,
            )
            await asyncio.sleep(retry_delay)

    logger.debug("finished uploading")


_TELEMETRY_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = 10.0


def _shutdown_telemetry(timeout: float = _TELEMETRY_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT) -> None:
    """Shut down OTel providers with a hard wall-clock bound.

    ``provider.shutdown()`` internally joins its exporter worker with a 30s
    default timeout per provider (and ``force_flush`` ignores its timeout arg
    in the current SDK — see #4623). Across tracer/logger/meter that's up to
    ~90s, enough to stall the caller's event loop past the supervisor's 60s
    ping/pong deadline when the OTLP endpoint is rate-limiting or unreachable.

    Each provider is shut down in its *own* daemon thread, run in parallel.
    That matters for two reasons:
      1) Main-thread wait is bounded by ``max`` of the three, not the ``sum``.
      2) ``BatchProcessor.shutdown()`` sets ``_shutdown = True`` as its first
         action; running in parallel guarantees that flag gets set on every
         provider within milliseconds, even if one hangs in ``worker_thread.join``.
         Any later atexit re-entry (OTel registers one, and Python's
         ``logging.shutdown()`` may spawn a *non-daemon* thread via
         ``LoggingHandler.flush`` → ``force_flush`` — see opentelemetry-python
         PR #4636) then short-circuits instead of hanging process exit.

    Any unfinished work stays on existing daemon threads and is discarded at
    process exit.

    Upstream context:
    - https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-python/issues/4623
      (TracerProvider.shutdown() has no configurable timeout — still open)
    """
    # Detach the OTLP LoggingHandler from the root logger — belt to the
    # suspenders of the parallel shutdown below.
    root = logging.getLogger()
    for h in list(root.handlers):
        if isinstance(h, LoggingHandler):
            root.removeHandler(h)

    providers: list[Any] = []
    if isinstance(lp := get_logger_provider(), LoggerProvider):
        providers.append(lp)
    if isinstance(tp := tracer._tracer_provider, trace_sdk.TracerProvider):
        providers.append(tp)
    if isinstance(mp := metrics_api.get_meter_provider(), SdkMeterProvider):
        providers.append(mp)

    def _shutdown_one(provider: Any) -> None:
        try:
            provider.shutdown()
        except Exception:
            logger.exception("failed to shut down telemetry provider")

    threads = [
        threading.Thread(
            target=_shutdown_one,
            args=(p,),
            name=f"livekit-telemetry-shutdown-{type(p).__name__}",
            daemon=True,
        )
        for p in providers
    ]
    for t in threads:
        t.start()

    deadline = time.monotonic() + timeout
    for t in threads:
        t.join(max(0.0, deadline - time.monotonic()))

    if any(t.is_alive() for t in threads):
        logger.warning("telemetry shutdown exceeded %.1fs; continuing", timeout)